Educational Support — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
1st Amendment	1951	Inserted Article 15(4) enabling the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, SCs, and STs. This amendment was a direct response to the Supreme Court's decision in Champakam Dorairajan case.	Provided constitutional foundation for affirmative action in education, enabling reservation policies and special support schemes for backward classes including OBCs.
93rd Amendment	2005	Added Article 15(5) enabling the state to make special provisions for SCs, STs, and OBCs in educational institutions including private institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except minority institutions under Article 30(1).	Extended reservation in education to private institutions, significantly expanding access to quality education for OBCs and enabling the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006.
102nd Amendment	2018	Granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes by inserting Article 338B, empowering it with duties and powers similar to those of NCSC and NCST.	Strengthened oversight and monitoring of OBC welfare measures including educational support schemes, enhanced the Commission's authority to investigate complaints and recommend policy changes.