International Environmental Agreements — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol	2016	This amendment targets the phase-down of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases, though not ozone-depleting substances. It sets specific schedules for developed and developing countries to reduce HFC production and consumption.	Significantly expanded the scope of the Montreal Protocol to include climate change mitigation, as HFCs are powerful contributors to global warming. It is expected to prevent up to 0.5°C of global warming by 2100, making it a crucial tool for both ozone layer protection and climate action. India ratified it in 2021.
Basel Ban Amendment	1995	An amendment to the Basel Convention, it prohibits the export of hazardous wastes from developed countries (OECD countries, EU, and Liechtenstein) to developing countries for any reason, including recycling.	Aimed to prevent the dumping of hazardous waste from richer to poorer nations, addressing environmental justice concerns. While not yet universally ratified, it has significantly influenced national policies and international trade practices regarding hazardous waste, strengthening the 'polluter pays' principle. India has ratified this amendment.
Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol	2012	Established the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020), with new emission reduction targets for participating Annex I countries. It also included a revised list of greenhouse gases.	Extended the legally binding targets for a subset of developed countries, but its limited ratification and the emergence of the Paris Agreement meant its practical impact was constrained. It highlighted the challenges of achieving universal binding commitments under the Kyoto framework.

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Regional comparisons and process chains train the same coherence and inference habits CSAT passages demand. CSAT hub.

• Data interpretation
• Estimation techniques
• Logical deductions