Threats to Biodiversity — Environmental Laws

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment Act	1976	Inserted Article 48A (Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife) into the Directive Principles of State Policy and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty to protect and improve the natural environment) into the Fundamental Duties. It also transferred 'Forests' and 'Protection of Wild Animals and Birds' from the State List to the Concurrent List.	Provided a constitutional mandate for environmental protection and conservation, making it a responsibility of both the state and its citizens. The transfer of subjects to the Concurrent List allowed both the Central and State governments to legislate on these crucial environmental matters, strengthening the legal framework for biodiversity conservation.
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act	2022	Amended the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to align it with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It rationalized the schedules for protected species, introduced new provisions for the management of invasive alien species, and enhanced penalties for wildlife crimes.	Strengthened India's legal framework for combating illegal wildlife trade and managing invasive species, both significant threats to biodiversity. The alignment with CITES improves international cooperation in conservation efforts and provides a more robust legal basis for protecting endangered species from exploitation.

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• Data interpretation
• Correlation vs causation
• Estimation techniques