Environmental Treaties — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol	2016	Added hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to the list of controlled substances under the Montreal Protocol. HFCs were introduced as replacements for ozone-depleting substances but are potent greenhouse gases. The amendment requires phased reduction of HFC production and consumption.	Significant for climate change mitigation as HFCs are thousands of times more potent than CO2. India ratified in 2021 and is implementing phase-down schedule, driving innovation in cooling technologies and industrial transformation.
Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol	2012	Established the second commitment period (2013-2020) of the Kyoto Protocol with updated emission reduction targets for developed countries. Added new greenhouse gases and updated global warming potential values.	Limited impact as major emitters like USA, Canada, and Russia did not participate. India supported the amendment as it maintained the principle of differentiated responsibilities, but the amendment's effectiveness was limited by lack of broad participation.
Nagoya Protocol to Convention on Biological Diversity	2010	Established international framework for Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Requires prior informed consent and fair benefit sharing with local communities.	Crucial for India as a megadiverse country with rich traditional knowledge. Strengthened protection of indigenous knowledge and ensured communities benefit from commercialization of genetic resources. Led to establishment of National Biodiversity Authority and state biodiversity boards.

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