Indian Polity & Governance·Amendments
Kashmir Issue — Amendments
Constitution VerifiedUPSC Verified
Version 1Updated 5 Mar 2026
| Amendment | Year | Description | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Constitutional Order 272 | 2019 | This presidential order abrogated Article 370 and Article 35A, removing the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir. The order declared that all provisions of Article 370 shall cease to be operative, effectively integrating Kashmir fully into the Indian constitutional framework. | Fundamentally altered the constitutional relationship between Kashmir and the Union, making all central laws applicable to the region and removing restrictions on property ownership and employment for non-residents. This marked the end of Kashmir's special status that had existed since 1950. |
| Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act | 2019 | This act bifurcated the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislative assembly) and Ladakh (without a legislative assembly). The act also provided for the transfer of assets, liabilities, and personnel between the new territories. | Changed Kashmir from a state to a Union Territory, bringing it under direct central control while maintaining some democratic institutions through the legislative assembly. This represented a significant reduction in autonomy and self-governance compared to the previous state status. |
| Presidential Order of 1954 | 1954 | This order incorporated Article 35A into the Constitution, which empowered the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to define 'permanent residents' and their special rights and privileges, including property ownership, employment in government, and educational benefits. | Created a unique category of citizenship within Kashmir, establishing exclusive rights for permanent residents and restricting non-residents from acquiring property or seeking employment in the state. This provision was later abrogated along with Article 370 in 2019. |