Welfare Schemes — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble, strengthening the constitutional foundation for welfare schemes. The amendment emphasized the state's commitment to socialist principles, which include equitable distribution of resources and welfare of all citizens.	Provided stronger constitutional backing for welfare schemes and state intervention in economic and social spheres, influencing the expansion of welfare programs in subsequent decades.
86th Amendment	2002	Made education a fundamental right under Article 21A for children aged 6-14 years, transforming education from a directive principle to an enforceable right. This amendment led to the Right to Education Act 2009 and expansion of educational welfare schemes.	Strengthened the legal foundation for educational welfare schemes and made quality education an enforceable right, leading to significant expansion in educational infrastructure and programs.

Also build Paper II skills

Dense constitutional and IR passages mirror CSAT-style comprehension and argument evaluation—build those skills in parallel. CSAT hub.

• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning