Good Governance — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
73rd Amendment	1992	Added Part IX to the Constitution, institutionalizing Panchayati Raj institutions as the third tier of government. Provided constitutional status to village, intermediate, and district level panchayats with mandatory provisions for regular elections, reservations for women and marginalized communities, and State Election Commissions.	Revolutionized grassroots governance by bringing democracy to village level, enabling participatory governance, and empowering marginalized communities. Enhanced local accountability and responsiveness, though implementation varies across states with ongoing challenges in devolution of powers and resources.
74th Amendment	1992	Added Part IXA to the Constitution, providing constitutional framework for urban local bodies including municipal corporations, municipal councils, and nagar panchayats. Established provisions for regular elections, reservations, and State Election Commissions for urban areas.	Strengthened urban governance by democratizing municipal institutions and improving service delivery in cities. Enhanced citizen participation in urban planning and development, though challenges remain in financial autonomy and capacity building of urban local bodies.

Also build Paper II skills

Dense constitutional and IR passages mirror CSAT-style comprehension and argument evaluation—build those skills in parallel. CSAT hub.

• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning