Parliamentary System — Amendments

Amendment	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Extended the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 5 to 6 years and made the President bound to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, strengthening the parliamentary system's executive authority.	Temporarily altered the parliamentary system's electoral cycle and reinforced ministerial supremacy over the President, though the tenure extension was later reversed by the 44th Amendment in 1978.
44th Amendment	1978	Restored the original 5-year tenure for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, and modified Article 74 to allow the President to seek reconsideration of ministerial advice once, balancing executive power with constitutional oversight.	Restored the parliamentary system's original electoral framework and provided a constitutional check on ministerial advice while maintaining the parliamentary system's essential character.
52nd Amendment	1985	Added the 10th Schedule (Anti-Defection Law) to prevent elected members from changing party affiliations for political gain, strengthening party discipline and government stability in the parliamentary system.	Significantly enhanced parliamentary government stability by reducing floor-crossing and opportunistic defections, though it also restricted individual member autonomy and strengthened party high commands.
91st Amendment	2003	Limited the size of Council of Ministers to 15% of the total strength of the House and imposed restrictions on defectors becoming ministers, further strengthening the anti-defection framework.	Reduced the incentive for defection by preventing defectors from immediately joining the government and controlled the expansion of ministerial positions, enhancing parliamentary system efficiency.

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Dense constitutional and IR passages mirror CSAT-style comprehension and argument evaluation—build those skills in parallel. CSAT hub.

• Valid & invalid arguments
• Syllogisms
• Critical reasoning