Coastal Security — Definition

Definition

Coastal security refers to the comprehensive protection of India's 7,516-kilometer coastline, including territorial waters, ports, offshore installations, and maritime trade routes from various threats such as terrorism, smuggling, illegal immigration, and armed intrusion.

India's coastal security architecture has evolved significantly since the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, which exposed critical vulnerabilities in maritime domain awareness and inter-agency coordination. The coastal security framework operates on a multi-layered approach involving multiple agencies at different levels.

The Indian Navy serves as the primary maritime force responsible for overall maritime security, while the Indian Coast Guard acts as the principal law enforcement agency in territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone.

Coastal states maintain their own marine police forces for near-shore security and law enforcement activities. The security architecture extends from the high seas to the waterfront, creating multiple layers of protection.

At the outermost layer, the Navy monitors and controls the exclusive economic zone and beyond, while the Coast Guard focuses on territorial waters and coastal areas. State marine police handle near-shore activities, port security, and coordination with fishing communities.

The technological backbone includes coastal surveillance networks, automatic identification systems for vessels, biometric identification for fishermen, and integrated command and control systems. The Coastal Security Scheme, launched in 2005 and subsequently revised, provides the policy framework and funding mechanism for strengthening coastal security infrastructure.

This includes establishment of coastal police stations, procurement of interceptor boats, installation of surveillance equipment, and capacity building of personnel. The scheme emphasizes community participation, particularly engagement with fishing communities who serve as the eyes and ears of coastal security agencies.

Regular exercises like Sagar Kavach and Sea Vigil test the preparedness and coordination mechanisms among various agencies. International cooperation, particularly with neighboring countries and maritime partners, forms an integral part of India's coastal security strategy, addressing transnational threats and ensuring secure sea lanes of communication.