Council of Ministers — Policy Changes

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Made the President bound to act on the advice of Council of Ministers, removing discretionary powers. Added clause (1) to Article 74 making ministerial advice binding on the President.	Strengthened the parliamentary system by ensuring the real executive (Council of Ministers) had decisive authority over the constitutional head (President), eliminating potential conflicts between the two.
44th Amendment	1978	Modified Article 74 to allow the President to seek reconsideration of advice from Council of Ministers once, but made it mandatory for President to act on reconsidered advice.	Balanced executive power by giving the President a limited check on ministerial advice while maintaining the primacy of the Council of Ministers in executive decision-making.
91st Amendment	2003	Limited the size of Council of Ministers to 15% of the total strength of Lok Sabha through addition of Article 164(1A). Also applied similar limits to state governments.	Prevented the proliferation of ministers, reduced government expenditure, and ensured more efficient governance by limiting the size of the executive to manageable proportions.

Also build Paper II skills

Regional comparisons and process chains train the same coherence and inference habits CSAT passages demand. CSAT hub.

• Data interpretation
• Estimation techniques
• Logical deductions