Indian & World Geography·Policy Changes
Other Neighbours — Policy Changes
Constitution VerifiedUPSC Verified
Version 1Updated 7 Mar 2026
| Entry | Year | Description | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100th Constitutional Amendment Act | 2015 | This amendment gave effect to the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between India and Bangladesh, signed in 1974 and ratified in 2015. It involved the exchange of 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India, along with the transfer of adverse possessions. This historic agreement resolved a complex border issue that had persisted for decades. | Significantly improved India-Bangladesh relations by resolving a long-standing territorial dispute, clarifying the border, and integrating stateless populations. It facilitated better border management, enhanced security, and paved the way for greater economic cooperation and connectivity projects between the two nations. |
| Treaty of Friendship between India and Bhutan (Revised) | 2007 | This was not a constitutional amendment but a revision of the 1949 Treaty of Friendship. The revised treaty removed the clause requiring Bhutan to be guided by India's advice on foreign policy, granting Bhutan greater autonomy in its external relations, while reaffirming the strong bilateral ties and cooperation. | Modernized the special relationship between India and Bhutan, reflecting Bhutan's growing sovereignty and diplomatic engagement with other countries. It strengthened the spirit of mutual respect and cooperation, particularly in areas of security, trade, and hydropower, without diluting the strategic importance of the partnership for both nations. |
| Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (Ongoing Review) | 1950 (under review) | While the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between India and Nepal has not been formally amended, it has been under review for several years. Nepal has expressed concerns about certain provisions, particularly those related to free movement and reciprocal national treatment, arguing they are outdated and unequal. A high-level Eminent Persons' Group (EPG) was formed in 2016 to review the treaty and other bilateral issues, submitting its report in 2018, though it has not yet been formally accepted by both governments. | The potential amendments or revisions to this foundational treaty could significantly alter the dynamics of India-Nepal relations, particularly concerning border management, trade, and the rights of citizens in each other's countries. The ongoing review reflects Nepal's aspirations for greater sovereignty and a more equitable relationship, while India seeks to maintain the unique 'special relationship' and address mutual security concerns. |