Philosophical Foundation — Ethical Standards

Entry	Year	Description	Impact
42nd Amendment	1976	Added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble and included fundamental duties, reinforcing the philosophical foundation that public service should promote social justice and equality	Strengthened the constitutional basis for public servants to work toward reducing inequality and promoting secular governance, aligning with both utilitarian and Gandhian philosophical traditions
73rd and 74th Amendments	1992-1993	Established constitutional status for Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies, decentralizing governance and bringing public service closer to citizens	Reflected Gandhian philosophy of village self-governance and Aristotelian emphasis on participatory democracy, creating new philosophical foundations for grassroots public service