Environment & Ecology·Environmental Laws
Montreal Protocol — Environmental Laws
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Version 1Updated 9 Mar 2026
| Entry | Year | Description | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| London Amendment | 1990 | Accelerated the phase-out schedules for CFCs and Halons, added Carbon Tetrachloride and Methyl Chloroform to the list of controlled substances, and most importantly, established the Multilateral Fund to assist developing countries. | Significantly strengthened the protocol by broadening its scope and providing a crucial financial mechanism, ensuring greater participation and compliance from developing nations. |
| Copenhagen Amendment | 1992 | Further accelerated the phase-out of CFCs, Halons, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Methyl Chloroform, and added Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and Methyl Bromide to the list of controlled substances. | Expanded the range of chemicals covered and tightened control measures, reflecting growing scientific understanding and technological advancements in alternatives. |
| Montreal Amendment | 1997 | Introduced a mandatory licensing system for the import and export of all ODS, and banned trade in Methyl Bromide with non-Parties. | Aimed to prevent illegal trade in ODS and improve data reporting, enhancing the enforcement and monitoring capabilities of the protocol. |
| Beijing Amendment | 1999 | Added Bromochloromethane to the list of controlled substances and introduced tighter controls on the production and trade of HCFCs. | Further restricted the availability of ODS and addressed emerging concerns about HCFCs, which were initially considered transitional substances. |
| Kigali Amendment | 2016 | Mandated a phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases but not ozone-depleting substances. | Expanded the protocol's mandate to include climate change mitigation, projected to avoid up to 0.5°C of global warming by 2100, demonstrating the interconnectedness of environmental challenges. |