Industry and Manufacturing — Mains Questions

Critically analyze the evolution of India's industrial policy from 1948 to 1991, highlighting its objectives, achievements, and inherent limitations. How did the New Industrial Policy of 1991 address these limitations?

The 'Make in India' initiative, coupled with Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. Discuss the objectives and achievements of these initiatives, and critically examine the challenges that persist in realizing this vision.

MSMEs are often referred to as the 'backbone of the Indian economy'. In light of this statement, discuss their significance, the challenges they face, and the government initiatives to support their growth and resilience.