Jainism — Definition

Definition

Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that traces its spiritual lineage through a succession of 24 Tirthankaras, or 'ford-makers,' who achieved enlightenment and taught the path to liberation. The most recent and historically verifiable of these Tirthankaras was Mahavira, who lived in the 6th century BCE, a contemporary of Buddha.

While Mahavira is often referred to as the 'founder' of Jainism, Jains believe he was the 24th and last Tirthankara, who systematized and revitalized an already existing spiritual tradition. The core of Jain philosophy revolves around the profound reverence for all life, encapsulated in the principle of Ahimsa, or non-violence, which is considered the supreme dharma.

This principle extends to thoughts, words, and actions, influencing every aspect of a Jain's life, from diet to occupation.

At its heart, Jainism is an ascetic religion, emphasizing self-control, rigorous discipline, and detachment from worldly possessions and desires as the means to attain spiritual purity and ultimate liberation (Moksha).

Jains believe that every living being (Jiva) possesses an eternal, pure soul that is entangled by Karma, a subtle particulate matter accumulated through actions. This Karma binds the soul to the cycle of rebirth (Samsara).

The path to Moksha involves purifying the soul by shedding accumulated Karma and preventing the influx of new Karma. This is achieved through the practice of the 'Three Jewels' (Triratna): Right Faith (Samyak Darshan), Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana), and Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra).

Right Conduct is further elaborated through the five great vows (Mahavratas) for ascetics and the twelve lesser vows (Anuvratas) for householders. These include Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (chastity/celibacy), and Aparigraha (non-possessiveness/non-attachment).

The distinction between the strictness of these vows for monks/nuns and householders allows for a practical application of Jain principles in daily life while maintaining the ultimate spiritual goal.

Jainism rejects the concept of a creator God, instead positing a universe that is eternal and self-regulating, governed by universal laws. Each soul has the potential to become a God (Siddha) through its own efforts.

The Tirthankaras are revered not as deities but as perfect beings who serve as role models, having conquered their inner passions and achieved omniscience. The religion is divided into two major sects, Digambara ('sky-clad') and Svetambara ('white-clad'), primarily differing in monastic practices, interpretation of scriptures, and views on female liberation.

Despite its relatively small number of adherents globally, Jainism has exerted a significant influence on Indian culture, ethics, and philosophy, particularly through its unwavering commitment to non-violence and its contributions to art, architecture, and literature.

Its principles resonate strongly in contemporary discussions on environmental ethics and peaceful coexistence.